全球变化下的国际水文学研究进展:特点与启示——2011年欧洲地球科学联合会会员大会述评

欧洲地球科学联合会2011年会员大会于4月3-8日在奥地利首都维也纳举行。其中,水文学专场重点讨论了全球变化对陆地表层水文过程的影响。主要包括气候变化下的洪涝灾害与干旱胁迫、冰川融雪、降雨特性、区域水平衡、土壤侵蚀与泥沙搬运、景观进化与水文过程、地下水与溶质迁移、植被动态与水文格局、气候-水-健康、气候和土地利用综合影响下的区域水行为、耦合水与人类经济社会的关键要素、基于公众和利益相关者参与的水资源优化管理等重要科学进展。众多议题凸现了多学科交叉、多区域、跨尺度、系统性以及先进技术设备的广泛应用等几大特点,对于今后应对气候变化和环境变迁所带来的种种挑战具有重要启示。当前和今后的工作中应瞄准与把握以下几个基本原则。(1)进一步加强基础研究、促进学科交融与渗透,以实现方法和理念互补、共同解决复杂生态学问题。(2)重视区域分异、以凸现具体科学问题,实现研究目标、对象、内容和方法的有机统一。(3)重视系统性研究,加强国际合作、共同研发,促进先进技术和研究手段的创新与应用。     

Water‐use efficiency in response to climate change: from leaf to ecosystem in a temperate steppe

Water‐use efficiency (WUE) has been recognized as an important characteristic of ecosystem productivity, which links carbon (C) and water cycling. However, little is known about how WUE responds to climate change at different scales. Here, we investigated WUE at leaf, canopy, and ecosystem levels under increased precipitation and warming from 2005 to 2008 in a temperate steppe in Northern China. We measured gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), evaporation (E), canopy transpiration (T_c), as well as leaf photosynthesis (P_max) and transpiration (T_l) of a dominant species to calculate canopy WUE (WUE_c=GEP/T), ecosystem WUE (WUE_gep=GEP/ET or WUE_nee=NEE/ET) and leaf WUE (WUE_l=P_max/T_l). The results showed that increased precipitation stimulated WUE_c, WUE_gep and WUE_nee by 17.1%, 10.2% and 12.6%, respectively, but decreased WUE_l by 27.4%. Climate warming reduced canopy and ecosystem WUE over the 4 years but did not affect leaf level WUE. Across the 4 years and the measured plots, canopy and ecosystem WUE linearly increased, but leaf level WUE of the dominant species linearly decreased with increasing precipitation. The differential responses of canopy/ecosystem WUE and leaf WUE to climate change suggest that caution should be taken when upscaling WUE from leaf to larger scales. Our findings will also facilitate mechanistic understanding of the C–water relationships across different organism levels and in projecting the effects of climate warming and shifting precipitation regimes on productivity in arid and semiarid ecosystems.     

Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) of Mexican hydrological basins based on helminth parasites of freshwater fishes

Aim The distributional patterns of helminthological fauna of freshwater fishes were analysed to postulate a general hypothesis on the relationships of some Mexican hydrological systems. Location Eight hydrological systems of central and eastern Mexico were studied and compared with records from Nicaragua. Methods A Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) was applied to the presence/absence of ninety‐two helminth parasite taxa (Monogeneans, Digeneans, Cestodes, Acanthocephalans and Nematodes) of freshwater fishes, from eight Mexican hydrological systems, using the Hennig86 program. Results The results represent the first attempt for a biogeographical analysis through application of the PAE method to the distributional patterns of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in Mexico. A single most parsimonious cladogram was obtained, which grouped all the Neotropical systems in accordance with previous proposals based on other plant and animal taxa. Main conclusions The most basal systems were Santiago and Lerma basins, which exhibited Nearctic affinities. The remaining areas of the cladogram showed Neotropical affinities. All the southeastern systems were grouped in a clade with the Nicaragua system, providing support for a ‘Mesoamerican province’ based on helminth parasites of cichlids. The cladogram also suggests that the treatment of the Lerma‐Santiago basin as a single biogeographical unit is inaccurate and that they should be treated as separate systems.     

SPATIAL VARIATION IN SELECTIVE REGIMES: SEXUAL SELECTION IN THE WATER STRIDER,GERRIS ODONTOGASTER

Studies of phenotypic selection in natural populations are often concerned with simply detecting selection. In adopting a more mechanistic approach, this study compares the sexual selection regimes in natural populations of the water strider Gerris odontogaster with a priori predictions of selection, based on a number of previous field and laboratory studies of the behavioral mechanisms of selection. In this species, a general reluctance of females to mate allows for intersexual selection for ability to subdue reluctant females in males. Female reluctance to mate has been shown to decrease with increasing population density, suggesting that sexual selection should be weaker in high density populations. Three different populations with large differences in population density were studied. A number of traits including parasite load, body mass, body size and male abdominal process length were found to experience significant sexual selection. The investigated populations differed considerably with regard to the total strength of selection on the measured traits and the form of selection on single traits. In general, males in the population with the highest density experienced the weakest selection for grasping ability. This pattern is ascribed to density-related alterations of female mating behavior. Selection for male grasping ability, as reflected by selection on male abdominal process length, is reduced in high-density populations where reluctant females are more easily subdued. Further, the studied populations differed significantly in mean phenotype and phenotypic variance for male abdominal process length. It is suggested that interpopulational differences in selective regimes may generate local adaptations with respect to male abdominal process length, and that gene flow may contribute to the maintenance of the high genetic variation in this trait. It is further suggested that more empirical effort should be made in quantifying and understanding spatial and temporal variation in selection in natural populations, since this may provide information on the prevalence of local adaptations in metric traits and on the mechanisms of selection.     

Comparison Between Tidally Driven Groundwater Flow and Flushing of Animal Burrows in Tropical Mangrove Swamps

Tidal groundwater in a mangrove swamp can return to the mangrove creek by one of two mechanisms: (a) it can either flow through the swamp soil due to the water table difference between the creek and the groundwater in the swamp; or (b) it can flow via tidal flushing of animal burrows. This paper compares the magnitude of these two mechanisms for different regions of a mangrove swamp. Direct groundwater flow rates resulting from water stored in the sediment as a consequence of infiltration, especially during and after tidal inundation, were calculated for every square meter in the surface of a mangrove forest from piezometer data. Flow rates of water due to burrow flushing were determined based on published surveys, by estimating the burrow volume and the percentage of the burrow water that is flushed at each tidal inundation. Although direct groundwater flux was found to decrease further away from the creek compared to close to the creek, it was also found to have a similar range as burrow flushing flow. Specifically, direct groundwater flow ranged from 0.004 to 0.04 m³/m²/day, whilst burrow flushing flux ranged from 0.01 to 0.04 m³/m²/day.Considering the errors involved in the experiments and calculations, these ranges can be considered as being the same and neither of the two processes can be considered as negligible compared to the other. As a consequence, surveys of groundwater processes in mangrove areas, and more generally in swamp and tidal areas where animal burrows are present, will need to consider both mechanisms. Investigations of the influence over flushing mechanisms of different residence times of the water in burrows and in the sediment body would also be recommended in order to establish salt and nutrient budget in mangrove swamps.     

Temporal Changes between Ecological Regimes in a Range of Primary and Secondary Salinised Wetlands

Many rivers and wetlands in south-western Australia are threatened by salinisation due to rising saline watertables, which have resulted from land clearing and the replacement of deep-rooted perennial species with shallow-rooted annual species. A four to six weekly sampling program of water quality, submerged macrophytes and macroinvertebrates was undertaken at six wetlands, from September 2002 to February 2004, to investigate seasonal variation in a range of primary and secondary saline systems. The wetlands dried and filled at different times in response to local rainfall patterns, and salinities varied accordingly with evapoconcentration and dilution. Two types of clear-water wetlands were recognised; those dominated by submerged aquatic macrophytes (Ruppia, Lepilaena and Lamprothamnium) and those dominated by benthic microbial communities. Two types of turbid wetlands were also recognised; those with high concentrations of phytoplankton and those with high concentrations of suspended sediments. A primary saline lake and two lakes that have only recently been affected by secondary salinisation persisted in a clear, macrophyte-dominated regime throughout most of the study period, except during drying and filling. Two lakes with a long history of secondary salinisation (70 years) moved between regimes over the study period. A clear, benthic microbial community – dominated regime only persisted at the wetland which contained permanent water throughout the study period. The turbid regimes were only present during drying and refilling phases. A richer and more abundant macroinvertebrate fauna was associated with the clear, macrophyte- dominated wetlands. Our results suggest that the development of management guidelines that recognise the presence of different ecological regimes and that consider the interactions between water regime, salinity, and primary and secondary production will be more useful in protecting biodiversity and ecological function in these systems than managing salinity as a single factor.     

北京市红门川流域森林植被/土地覆被变化的水文响应

根据北京市红门川流域原有1∶1万土地利用图,结合流域1990年、1995年、2000年和2005年4期遥感影像,在GIS支持下,得到4期土地利用图,采用ArcView分析获得空间数据和属性数据。并利用研究区逐日降水量和径流量数据,从年径流量、汛期(6-9月份)径流量和单次径流量3个层次,分析不同土地利用时期的水文响应。结果表明:不同土地利用变化对流域径流具有显著影响。2001-2005年植被条件较好的土地利用较1990-1995年和1996-2000年产流有所减少,多年平均径流系数下降了70%以上。不同土地利用在相同降水条件下的产流仅在生长季节具有明显差异,也就是说土地利用变化对产流的影响具有季节性,在枯水季节无显著影响。2001-2006年的单次产流均小于1990-1995和1996-2000年的单次产流,仅为前期的1/3,降水利用率提高,发生洪涝灾害的可能性减小。     

不同耕作方式对内蒙古旱作农田土壤水热状况的影响

为了研究免耕留茬覆盖和传统耕作土壤水热状况的差异,20052008年在内蒙古呼和浩特市清水河县进行定位试验,结果表明:(1)免耕留茬覆盖能有效的调节土壤温度,出现高温时抑制温度上升,低温时抑制温度降低的现象;土壤温度24h变化的振幅随着土壤深度的增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势,表层010cm的变化幅度最大,变化范围为17.634℃;不同耕作方式的土壤温度均从09:00开始升高,至15:00达到最高值,之后缓慢下降,到06:00达到最低值;土壤温度随季节动态变化的趋势,受制于气候。(2)测定期内免耕留高茬覆盖平均土壤含水量较传统耕作增加了7.37%,免耕留低茬覆盖较传统耕作增加了5.93%;燕麦苗期,不同耕作方式的土壤含水量随土层深度增加,呈增大的态势。分蘖期,不同耕作方土壤含水量在020cm呈下降趋势,之后逐渐升高。燕麦花期,不同耕作方土壤含水量在040cm呈下降趋势,之后逐渐上升,至80100cm土层深度达到最大值;土壤含水量主要受季节影响,随降雨量变化而变化。(3)免耕留茬覆盖耕作方式增加土壤有机质和土壤含水量,其热容量增大,因此能调节和保持温度变化平缓。     

Alternation of Factors Affecting Bacterioplankton Abundance in the Danube River Floodplain (Kopački Rit, Croatia)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of different phases of the hydrological cycle on the abundance of colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria in the Kopački Rit floodplain and to assess temporal and spatial variations in the proportion of eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria (r- and K-strategists) as a biological indicator of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) availability. Determination of bacterial abundance was performed with abiotic variables (water temperature, depth, Secchi disc transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, ammonia, nitrates+nitrites, total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and one biotic (chl-a) variable, and dimensionality reduced with principal component analysis (PCA). The component scores were used as independent variables in a multiple regression and the relationship between scores (indirect variables) and bacterial abundance was examined. An elevated bacterial abundance was observed during the limnophase (floodplain isolated from the river) and potamophase (flood). During the limnophase also the highest chl-a concentrations were found and in Sakadaš Lake during September 2003 significantly higher numbers of eutrophic than oligotrophic bacteria emerged (p = 0.026). During potamophase the opposite state was established. Elevated bacterial abundance occurred in parallel with minimal chl-a concentrations and during July 2004 in the Čonakut Channel a significantly higher number of oligotrophic than eutrophic bacteria emerged (p < 0.001). Differentiation in the number of eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria suggests the existence of a higher concentration of labile DOC during September 2003 than during July 2004. Multiple regression analysis explains 13.6% of the variation in abundance of eutrophic bacteria. The regression model for oligotrophic bacteria is not significant. The results suggest two different mechanisms control bacterioplankton numbers to some extent in the Kopački Rit floodplain. In addition, two sources of DOC differentiating the quality of organic matter predominate under totally different hydrological regimes. Under these conditions, eutrophic bacteria may be partially bottom-up controlled, whereas it is not clear how the abundance of oligotrophs is controlled.     

Experimental investigation of the origin of fynbos plant community structure after fire

Background and aims

Species in plant communities segregate along fine-scale hydrological gradients. Although this phenomenon is not unique to fynbos, this community regenerates after fire and therefore provides an opportunity to study the ecological genesis of hydrological niche segregation.

Methods

Following wildfires at two field sites where we had previously mapped the vegetation and monitored the hydrology, seeds were moved experimentally in >2500 intact soil cores up and down soil-moisture gradients to test the hypothesis that hydrological niche segregation is established during the seedling phase of the life cycle. Seedling numbers and growth were then monitored and they were identified using DNA bar-coding, the first use of this technology for an experiment of this kind.

Key Results

At the site where niche segregation among Restionaceae had previously been found, the size of seedlings was significantly greater, the wetter the location into which they were moved, regardless of the soil moisture status of their location of origin, or of the species. Seedling weight was also significantly greater in a competition treatment where the roots of other species were excluded. No such effects were detected at the control site where niche segregation among Restionaceae was previously found to be absent.

Conclusions

The finding that seedling growth on hydrological gradients in the field is affected by soil moisture status and by root competition shows that hydrological niche segregation could potentially originate in the seedling stage. The methodology, applied at a larger scale and followed-through for a longer period, could be used to determine whether species are differently affected by soil moisture.